International Relations Notes Pdf
Power Power is an international relations concept. The effects of international power determine the extent that actors in the international arena can control their own fate and circumstances. In a report for the International Organization Foundation, Michael Barnett and Raymond Duvall present four types of international power that include compulsory power, institutional power, structural power and productive power. Compulsory power occurs when one actor directly exerts control over another. Institutional power is indirect power that actors exercise over through diffuse relationships.
Chapter 1: The twentieth century origins of international relations... 11 Introduction to international relations vi.
Structural power derives from the relative structural capacities of international actors. Productive power derives from the extent that society exerts power with diffuse social processes such as discourse and knowledge systems. Polarity Polarity is an international relations concept concerned with the distribution of power within the international system. One state has most of the cultural, economic and military influence in unipolar international systems such as the Roman Empire prior to 401 B.C. Or the United States immediately after the fall of the Soviet Union.
Two states have the majority of international or regional economic, military and cultural influence in unipolar international systems such as the United States and Soviet Union during the Cold War. More than four states have military, cultural and economic influence that is almost equal in multipolar international systems. Complex international economic interdependence in the 21st century may establish a multi-polar international system. Interdependence Interdependence is an international relations concept concerned with the extent that economic, social and environmental development throughout the world depends on cooperation among members of the international arena. For example, globalization drives international economic interdependence, because globalization integrates economic activities among members of the.
International Relations Notes
The short answer is that current events are news regarding what is happening around the world. The study of international relations involves being 'political historians' and 'political philosophers”.
It’s the study of the relations of states with each other and with international organizations and certain subnational entities (e.g., bureaucracies and political parties). It is related to a number of other academic disciplines, including political science, geography, history, economics, law, sociology, psychology, and philosophy. The field emerged at the beginning of the 20th century largely in the West and particularly in the U.S. As that country grew in power and influence. The study of international relations has always been heavily influenced by normative considerations, such as the goal of reducing armed conflict and increasing international cooperation. At the beginning of the 21st century, research focused on issues such as terrorism, religious and ethnic conflict, the emergence of substate and non-state entities, the spread of weapons of mass destruction and efforts to counter nuclear proliferation, and the development of international institutions. Realism is considered the pessimistic view because of its focus on the self-interests of states.
The name given to a particular theoretical approach to the study of international. International relations International Relations (IR) is the study of relationships among countries, the roles of sovereign states, inter-governmental organizations (IGO), international non-governmental organizations (INGO), non-governmental organizations (NGO), and multinational corporations (MNC). International relations is an academic and a public policy field, and so can be positive and normative, because it analyzes and formulates the foreign policy of a given State. As political activity, international relations dates from the time of the Greek historian Thucydides (ca.
460–395 BC), and, in the early 20th century, became a discrete academic field (No. 5901 in the 4-digit UNESCO Nomenclature) within political science. However, international relations is an interdisciplinary field of study. Besides political science, the field of international relations draws intellectual materials from the fields technology and engineering, economics, history, and international law, philosophy, geography, and social work, sociology, anthropology, and criminology, psychology and gender studies, cultural studies and culturology. The scope of international relations comprehends globalization, state sovereignty, and international.perspective, which meant military, war to mention a few (Lawson, 2003: 80). This is the underlying idea behind the security that the realists seem to be addressing.
As they believe in an anarchic international system where the state is the actor which is power hungry, self-serving and only concerned with its survival, their view of security has everything to do with the respective state in the international community. In other words the state fights for its protection and survival in the international sphere through war or military prowess.
But the application of this theory in a quiet and peaceful world becomes problematic. A good example is now that there is peace, how does one explain peace. Even though the realists explain the peace time as being an artificially construed and temporary thing, and war being natural way the international sphere, their argument does not hold much water especially when met with liberalist views on International relations. One must stress out that the realist theory was a very much accepted and may even still be accepted because of its applicability and importance during war time. It is during wartime that usually states have to fight to protect their sovereignty, and citizens. On the other hand, the liberalists agree with the realists that the international community is anarchic, and that the states are actors but they differ in that to the.progress in international politics that is comparable to that in domestic political life. There is two kind of realist one is classical realist and the other is contemporary realism.
Classical realism is basically normative approach and focuses on the core political values of national security and state survival. And the three basic classical realist are Thucydides: political fate, necessity and security, political survival, safety Machiavelli:political agility, opportunity and security, political survival, civic virtue hobbes: political will,security dilemma,political survival,peace and felicity. Contemporary realism ist a recent IR doctrine it is basically scientific in approach and focuses on the international system or structure. They operate with a core assumption that world politics consists of an international anarchy of sovereign states. Realists see international relations as basically conflictual, and they see international conflicts as ultimately resolved by war.
Realist believe that the goal of power, the means of power and the uses of power are a central preoccupation of political activity. International politics is thus portrayed as ‘power politics’. The conduct of foreign policy is an instrumental activity based on the intelligent calculation of ones power and ones interests as against the power and interests of rivals and competitions.Kennedy during his inaugural address on January 20, 1961 are the personification of the agenda towards foreign relations for the United States of America and her Western allies. As champions of peace and servants of liberty, the nations of the ideological West have swiftly rationalized the mobilization of peacekeepers, implementation economic trade sanctions, and forcefully removed government regimes that were deemed violators of human rights, tyrannical, and/or agitators of world peace.
Yet, as the world becomes a smaller place due to enhanced communication, lowered trade barriers, and mass media; nation-states tend to plan their actions more tactfully than before in the 1960s to maintain their global reputations and popular sovereignty. Takastand`s problematic relations internally and externally symbolize the importance of efficient security, popular sovereignty, political liberties, and human rights functioning completely to acquire a civilized state. By chronicling statehood decisions of the following nation-states; France, Great Britain, Russia, and China, the purpose of this paper will be to highlight political and social factors associated with the Takastand crisis.
Additionally, it is imperative to analyze the governmental frameworks of these countries as the influential basis behind responses that impact surrounding communities and the international relations process. This brings the discussion to the.The study of international relations and its influence on the international community can be best understood by analyzing realism, liberalism, and constructivism.
Throughout history, these three approaches have played a crucial role in explaining us the major causes of some devastating wars and politics in the history of mankind. In the following below, the distinguishing characteristics of realism, liberalism, and constructivism will be explained vividly. Realism is the view that world politics is driven my competitive self-interest. Therefore, relists believe that the decisive dynamic among countries is struggle for power in an effort by each to improve its military security and economic welfare in competition with other countries.
Realists believe that nation-states are unitary and geographically-based actors in an anarchic international system with no authority above capable of regulating interactions between states, rather than IGOs, NGOs, or MNCs are the primary actors in international affairs. Thus states, as the highest order, are in competition with one another. As such a state acts as a rational autonomous actor in pursuit of its own self-interest with a primary goal to maintain and ensure its own sovereignty and survival. Realism holds that in pursuit of its interests, states will attempt to amass resources, and that relations between states are determined by relative levels.COLLEGE OF LAW, GOVERNMENT AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES INTERNATIONAL RELATION GFPP 2063 INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT PREPARED BY: NAME: NUR AMIRA SYUHADA BT AHMAD SOBRI PREPARED FOR: DR KNOCK TAPIWA ZENGENI Question 2: Critically discuss the main ideas of the constructivist approach to international relations Preface In our daily life, we are interconnected with each other when we start to communicate. Actors such as people, ideas and interest allow us to establish relationship. Same goes to the international system, the same concept exist when we try to understand international relation.
International relation is a part of international system whereby its concern on the relationship among the world’s government involving the state actors and non-state actors. There are many theories used to explain international relation particularly in their own way such as in Realism, Liberalism, Constructivism, Marxism and etc. Thus, this paper ought to discuss and explain constructivism on the main ideas promote by the constructivist in an international relation. I choose this question because of my understanding is more toward the constructivist approach and I believe that constructivist approach is among the critical field of study that we must.